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    5/11/2009

    杂书读多了

        好长时间没写点东西了,一是最近很少读书;二是开心网去多了,来这里自然就少了。看来互联网会使人越来越懒惰。
        读书也都是一些杂书。读的“杂书”越多,思维就越“乱”。刚读了一点美国著名中国学家费正清的《美国和中国》,我就又想起原来一直困惑我的“封建社会”了。
        按照初高中的“常识”,社会的进程是从原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会、社会主义社会,最终到达共产主义社会。中国自战国晚期进入封建社会,直到辛亥革命结束。但是钱穆和费正清都不认同这个“基本常识”。在他们看来,中国的前秦时期才算封建社会。秦朝之后应该是钱穆先生所提的士人社会或是费正清所提的士绅社会。
        什么才是封建呢?在我幼稚的头脑中,好像有了皇帝或者地主就是封建了,后来皇帝和地主都没了,封建和半封建自然就结束了。但是封建一词是源于欧洲的,欧洲封建制度是指土地都掌握在领主手里,农民没有土地的所有权。但是古代中国的农民还是有土地私有权的。特别是一些朝代在开朝之初,就把全国土地平均分配给农民。后来的土地兼并集中,也是地主通过经济手段收购农民土地完成的。只有周朝时,才是周天子把土地和其上的农民分封给诸侯。所以中国只有周朝才和欧洲的封建制度一致。
        那为什么我们要把中国和欧洲的封建制度故意混淆呢?按照我的理解,自然是源自马克思所提出的社会发展阶段理论。但是马克思是按照欧洲的历史归纳的社会发展阶段。把这个理论硬套到中国历史上面的结果就是周朝的封建制度变成了奴隶社会;中国独有的通过知识分子来治理社会的制度就成了封建社会。我想这个常识还会延续,也许我的孩子也会学习这种常识。不过到时候只要把《中国历代政治得失》和《美国和中国》丢给他看,这个常识自然就会动摇了。

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    扬 杨wrote:
    老哥啊~~你的思想咋这么深邃哇~~尽写这些俺不感兴趣的哇~
    May 12

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